Leggett formulated an inequality that seems to generalize the Bell theorem to non-local hidden variable theories. Leggett inequality is violated by quantum mechanics, as was confirmed by experiment. However, a careful analysis reveals that the theory applies to a class of local theory. Contrary to what happens in the derivation of Bell inequality, it is not necessary to make the hypothesis of outcome independence to derive the Leggett inequality.

Despite that it is commonly accepted that migraine is a disorder of the nervous system with a prominent genetic basis, it is comorbid with a plethora of medical conditions. Several studies have found bidirectional comorbidity between migraine and different disorders including neurological, psychiatric, cardio- and cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, metaboloendocrine, and immunological conditions. Each of these has its own genetic load and shares some common characteristics with migraine. The bidirectional mechanisms that are likely to underlie this extensive comorbidity between migraine and other (...) diseases are manifold. Comorbid pathologies can induce and promote thalamocortical network dysexcitability, multi-organ transient or persistent pro-inflammatory state, and disproportionate energetic needs in a variable combination, which in turn may be causative mechanisms of the activation of an ample defensive system with includes the trigeminovascular system in conjunction with the neuroendocrine hypothalamic system. This strategy is designed to maintain brain homeostasis by regulating homeostatic needs, such as normal subcortico-cortical excitability, energy balance, osmoregulation, and emotional response. In this light, the treatment of migraine should always involves a multidisciplinary approach, aimed at identifying and, if necessary, eliminating possible risk and comorbidity factors. (shrink)

Building on the literature on hybrid organizations, this manuscript explores the relationship between the organizational activity of social enterprises backed by venture philanthropy investors and income inequality. Using Ashoka’s portfolio of Indian social enterprises as empirical context of Western venture philanthropy investing activity, our results suggest that Indian municipalities with social enterprises that have received venture philanthropy investments experience a decrease in income inequality level and when these social enterprises are dominated by a collectivistic organizational identity orientation the effect is (...) stronger. Our findings have implications for the research on hybrid organizations, financing of social entrepreneurship and grand ethical challenges. (shrink)

The Principles of Corporate Governance require that business conduct conform to the law. In recent years, news reports of business misconduct have cast doubt on a conclusion that conformity is the prevalent practice. This article explores the influence of law on business conduct by comparing the law’s requirements and purposes with actual business conduct in the market. Specifically, it explores whether certain legal regimes are more effective than others in inducing greater commitment to legal compliance by corporate actors. The conclusion (...) drawn is that the prevalent legal regime – a vague common law or legislative mandate – is typically associated with corporate conduct that evades or ignores the law’s mandate or its underlying purpose. (shrink)

Erickson's treatise intertwines and confuses two major, but separable, issues: whether there are basic tastes and how taste stimuli are encoded. The idea of basic tastes may reflect a natural process of concept formation. By only discussing two spatial coding schemes for taste, Erickson ignores the temporal dimension of taste responses and the contribution of neuronal cooperativity.

This work evaluated the structure of dreams in people affected by schizophrenia. The verbal reports of 123 schizophrenic patients were compared with 123 dream reports from a control group. In accordance with the Jungian conceptualization of, dreams as texts, dream reports were assessed using textual analysis processing techniques.Significant differences were found in textual parameters, showing that the dreams reports of schizophrenic patients differ from those of the control group. It is thus possible that schizophrenia probably underlies changes in the oneiric (...) production and dream reports. This work confirms the value of textual analysis in the study of oneiric material. (shrink)

We show that the complete first order theory of an MV algebra has equation image countable models unless the MV algebra is finitely valued. So, Vaught's Conjecture holds for all MV algebras except, possibly, for finitely valued ones. Additionally, we show that the complete theories of finitely valued MV algebras are equation image and that all ω-categorical complete theories of MV algebras are finitely axiomatizable and decidable. As a final result we prove that the free algebra on countably many generators (...) of any locally finite variety of MV algebras is ω-categorical. (shrink)

In [9] Mundici introduced a categorical equivalence Γ between the category of MV-algebras and the category of abelian [MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L]-groups with strong unit. Using Mundici's functor Γ, in [8] the authors established an equivalence between the category of perfect MV-algebras and the category of abelian [MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L]-groups. Aim of the present paper is to use the above functors to provide Yosida like representations of a large class of MV-algebras.

In this work we introduce a class of commutative rings whose defining condition is that its lattice of ideals, augmented with the ideal product, the semi-ring of ideals, is isomorphic to an MV-algebra. This class of rings coincides with the class of commutative rings which are direct sums of local Artinian chain rings with unit.

In this paper we show that the prime ideal space of an MV-algebra is the disjoint union of prime ideal spaces of suitable local MV-algebras. Some special classes of algebras are defined and their spaces are investigated. The space of minimal prime ideals is studied as well.

Informed consent is an essential step in helping patients be aware of consequences of their treatment decisions. With surgery, it is vitally important for patients to understand the risks and benefits of the procedure and decide accordingly. We explored whether a written IC form was provided to patients; whether they read and signed it; whether they communicated orally with the physician; whether these communications influenced patient decisions. Adult postsurgical patients in nine general hospitals of Italy’s Campania Region were interviewed via (...) a structured questionnaire between the second and seventh day after the surgery at the end of the first surgical follow up visit. Physicians who were independent from the surgical team administered the questionnaire. The written IC form was given to 84.5% of those interviewed. All recipients of the form signed it, either personally or through a delegate; however, 13.9% did not know/remember having done so; 51.8% said that they read it thoroughly. Of those who reported to have read it, 90.9% judged it to be clear. Of those receiving the written consent form, 52.0% had gotten it the day before the surgery at the earliest 41.1% received it some hours or immediately before the procedure. The written IC form was explained to 65.6% of the patients, and 93.9% of them received further oral information that deemed understandable. Most attention was given to the diagnosis and the type of surgical procedure, which was communicated respectively to 92.8 and 88.2% of the patients. Almost one in two patients believed that the information provided some emotional relief, while 23.2% experienced increased anxiety. Younger patients and patients with higher levels of education were more likely to read the written IC form. The written IC form is not sufficient in assuring patients and making them fully aware of choices they made for their health; pre-operative information that was delivered orally better served the patients’ needs. To improve the quality of communication we suggest enhancing physicians’ communication skills and for them to use structured conversation to ensure that individuals are completely informed before undergoing their procedures. (shrink)

This paper employs the interpretative lens provided by stakeholder theory to garner novel insights for research and managerial practices within the framework of high-reliable organizations (HROs). It proposes an interpretative matrix for analyzing and explaining how stakeholders’ behaviors and interactions can transition from a “strategic” to a “responsibility” approach in the context of risk management. The paper adopts a qualitative methodology based on a case study of the Italian Civil Protection—an HRO—during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through the analysis of institutional sources (...) and reports, we apply two theoretical frameworks to examine how the organization's engagement strategy changed in response to an unexpected event. This case serves to illuminate the main implications and practical applications of shared conceptual reflections. The principal implications are traced in terms of theory, practice, and policy, focusing on the joint examination of organizational reliability and stakeholder engagement theory, the potential utility of the proposed case study, and the feasible policy actions. The main limitations of this study lie in the purely qualitative methodology employed, the nature of the organization analyzed, and the territorial scope of the study. Future works will address an empirical investigation of the theoretical relations uncovered herein, as well as the expansion of the spectrum of analysis (e.g., private organizations) and a cross-country widening of the level of analysis. (shrink)

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers in Italy have been exposed to an unprecedented pressure and traumatic events. However, no direct comparison with the general population is available so far. The aim of this study is to detail mental health outcomes in healthcare workers compared to the general population.Methods24050 respondents completed an on-line questionnaire during the contagion peak, 21342 general population, 1295 second-line healthcare workers, and 1411 front-line healthcare workers. Depressive, anxious, post-traumatic symptoms and insomnia were assessed. Specific COVID-19 related (...) potential risk factors were also considered in healthcare workers.ResultsDepressive symptoms were more frequent in the general population and front-line healthcare workers compared to the second-line healthcare workers groups. Anxiety symptoms showed a prevalence of 21.25% in the general population, 18.05% for second-line healthcare workers, and 20.55% for front-line healthcare workers. Insomnia showed a prevalence of 7.82, 6.58, and 9.92% for the general population, second-line healthcare workers, and front-line healthcare workers, respectively. Compared to the general population, front-line healthcare workers had higher odds of endorsing total trauma-related symptoms. Both second-line healthcare workers and front-line healthcare workers had higher odds of endorsing core post-traumatic symptoms compared to the general population, while second-line healthcare workers had lower odds of endorsing negative affect and dissociative symptoms. Higher total traumatic symptom score was associated with being a front-line healthcare worker, having a colleague infected, hospitalized, or deceased, being a nurse, female gender, and younger age.ConclusionThis study suggests a significant psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Italian general population and healthcare workers. Front-line healthcare workers represent a specific at-risk population for post-traumatic symptoms. These findings underline the importance of monitoring and intervention strategies. (shrink)

In this paper we prove that the category of abelianl-groups is equivalent to the category of perfect MV-algebras. Furthermore, we give a finite equational axiomatization of the variety generated by perfect MV-algebras.

Si tratta di una possibilità, di una disponibilità del pensiero. Dell’orizzonte di comprensione in cui tutti noi ci muoviamo incessantemente, qualunque cosa accada. Di uno spazio interiore ininterrottamente aperto al dialogo con sé stessi, con il mondo, l’esistenza, la vita, con quanto ci accade di positivo o negativo. Il vissuto che si dischiude alla mente, spesso a lungo un cammino nel vuoto e nell’assenza di ogni intuizione, un orizzonte di libertà. Un sistema di scelte e di valori incentrato sui compiti (...) di difesa e tutela della persona umana e della sua vita in ogni sua fase è in sé buono, bello, vero; tuttavia, in particolari situazioni-limite, la scelta di adeguarvisi interiormente non è scontata: essa nasce dal pensiero, nasce dall’istante e dalla riflessione, nasce dalla comprensione e dalla qualità delle relazioni, da una libertà che è personale. Richiedere o rifiutarsi di intraprendere un percorso di cure e di accompagnamento di fine vita, non equivale inoltre a comprenderne sempre o pienamente il senso e talvolta neppure a condividerne integralmente il valore: si tratta di un a-priori del pensiero e allo stesso tempo di un percorso di ricerca individuale sempre aperto, di un compimento di libertà e di relazione, di una scelta da formare e da formarsi. Attraverso l’analisi dei vissuti interiori, delle domande, delle aspettative, delle soluzioni proposte e affrontate durante il percorso di cure palliative emerge con grande forza il ruolo determinante della speranza, la consapevolezza di una responsabilità da dover custodire nonostante la prova, il desiderio di una vita compiuta per sé e per gli altri. (shrink)

Come si può essere speranza nel tempo della tecnica? Forse può essere utile interrogare brevemente a tale proposito il pensiero, o meglio approfondire alcune riflessioni presenti nell’elaborazione filosofica di importanti pensatori del Novecento. Attraverso tale procedimento si aprirà forse una prospettiva, un piccolo spiraglio, una via d’uscita tanto per il pensiero, quanto per la comprensione contemporanea della pratica quotidiana dell’aver-cura. Non deve stupire se si rimanda a classici del pensiero filosofico, ciò che muove ogni azione, soprattutto in ambito clinico e (...) sanitario, non è forse una sempre personale visione del mondo, che ha scelto deliberatamente di aver-cura dell’altro opponendosi, per quanto possibile con tutti i mezzi della conoscenza e del cuore, ad un altrettanto diffusa visione dell’uomo che lo vede invece preda degli eventi e della caducità, al di là di ogni possibile e autentico intervento e soccorso dell’altro? Partendo dalle riflessioni circa le nozioni di “situazione-limite” e “aver-cura”, proposte rispettivamente da autori come Karl Jaspers e Martin Heidegger, è infatti possibile indicare una prospettiva teorico-pratica contemporanea circa il discorso sulla pratica di cura nel tempo della tecnica. Vedremo che i classici del pensiero del Novecento hanno ancora qualcosa da dirci, che una qualche comunicazione fra discipline differenti è ancora possibile; almeno ogni volta in cui, come nel caso della dimensione e rete di cure palliative e della presa in carico globale della persona sofferente, si avvicini l’uomo aperti alla sua realtà omnicomprensiva, soprattutto quando si parla di dolore e sofferenza, elementi comuni ad ogni uomo e ogni tempo. (shrink)

La cura della salute è un fenomeno originario e insieme una necessità fondamentale, dinamica e non trascurabile della vita, dell’esistenza e dell’esperienza personale e comunitaria di ogni essere umano. La primarietà ontologica della cura, evidenziata anche negli studi filosofici più recenti dedicati alle pratiche dell’aver cura, richiama infatti, attraverso la dimensione co-esistentiva dell’essere insieme nel mondo l’uno con l’altro e l’uno per l’altro, alla stessa primarietà etica e al contempo politica della cura nel naturale e positivo sviluppo della struttura relazionale (...) personale e dell’esistenza condivisa. Si tratta di un processo di rilevazione e conseguente impegno nel favorire oggi concretamente percorsi di cura e umanizzazione della pratica medica e sanitaria, sia quotidiana che straordinaria, nonostante molteplici limiti e complessità rintracciabili nelle stesse pratiche contemporanee dell’aver cura, esemplificativamente ricercati e identificati in alcuni recenti lavori internazionali dal carattere necessariamente interdisciplinare. È significativo, infatti, che in alcuni rilevanti documenti circa gli sviluppi di una delle principali frontiere contemporanee dell’aver cura, come quella costituita dal processo di realizzazione, sviluppo, diffusione e promozione locale, nazionale e internazionale delle reti di cure palliative, vengano ad essere centralmente ricercati, identificati e positivamente ri-evidenziati i principali limiti, gli ostacoli e le barriere attualmente riscontrabili nello sviluppo delle reti di cure palliative; oltre alla messa in evidenza di una sempre positiva e necessaria opportunità di gettare lo sguardo verso il futuro e gli orizzonti di sviluppo della presa in carico globale della persona sofferente nelle varie fasi della malattia e in condizioni di estrema vulnerabilità percepita e vissuta. (shrink)

Pleasure is more than a mere sensory event, but rather it can be conceptualized as a complex, multiform experience involving memory, motivation, homeostasis, and, sometimes, negative affects. According to Freud, affect is a perceptual modality that registers the internal drive state of the subject rather than the objective experience of the external world, and the quality of this perceptual modality is calibrated in degrees of pleasure and displeasure. Within this conceptual framework, the aim of drive is always pleasure, and objects (...) become significant in so far as they provide a way of discharging drives pressure. Subsequent conceptual psychoanalytic developments have partially rejected such metapsychological theorizations, postulating that other intrinsic motivations that are independent from libido can be observed in humans. Intrinsic motivation broadly refers to a set of psychological concepts including the inherent propensity to pursue one’s choices, to seek out novelty and challenges, to satisfy curiosity and competence, and to extend one’s capacities and control over events. What these concepts have in common is an inner endorsement of one’s action, which is the sense that action is self-generated and is one’s own. The notions of pleasure, drives, and affects are all of utmost importance for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of mental functioning, due to their capability to explain desire, thought, and behavior from the perspective of human subjective experience. The purpose of this paper is thus to discuss psychoanalytic conceptual developments that have addressed pleasure, drives, and affects, in the light of recent findings coming from neurosciences. In particular, we will explore for insights from Panksepp’s theory of primary-process emotional feelings, including the notion of “wanting” and “liking” as dissociable components of reward. In the last part of the paper, we will indicate possible theoretical implications for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of libido-independent intrinsic motivations and their relationship with the self, including neuroscientific observations on self-related processes, agency, body-ownerships, and attachment. (shrink)

We present a stronger variation of state MV-algebras, recently presented by T. Flaminio and F. Montagna, which we call state-morphism MV-algebras. Such structures are MV-algebras with an internal notion, a state-morphism operator. We describe the categorical equivalences of such state MV-algebras with the category of unital Abelian ℓ-groups with a fixed state operator and present their basic properties. In addition, in contrast to state MV-algebras, we are able to describe all subdirectly irreducible state-morphism MV-algebras.

This study uses a Corpus Assisted Discourse Studies methodology to provide the first systematic analysis of how trust is discursively constructed in crypto-drug markets. The data come from two purpose-built corpora. One comprises all the forum messages posted on the flag ship crypto-drug market Silk Road during the years in which it traded on the hidden net. The other corpus comprises all the reports published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime during the same period. Our analysis of (...) trust focuses on the identities of those buying and selling drugs. The findings reveal that the Silk Road community members regularly discussed vendors’ identities alongside a continuum of trust–risk calculation, explicitly identifying both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ practices and hence engaging in self-regulatory discourses, and mainly constructed drug users’ identities in relation to values of expertise, integrity and benevolence. The findings also suggest that hard law enforcement activity, such as crypto-drug market closure, may encourage technological innovation within these markets. Moreover, our results show a disconnect between the discursive reality of the policy-making documents we examined and the very crypto-drug markets that they seek to legislate. (shrink)

Il processo di riconoscimento delle cure palliative quale diritto umano individuale di base ha recentemente riscontrato una proficua quanto attesa accelerazione. Parimenti allo sviluppo tecnico dei nostri giorni non si esauriscono infatti le forme dell’umano sentire e sperare, l’esigenza e l’impeto dell’aver-cura autentico dell’altro, la risposta multidisciplinare, comunitaria e sociale che ne consegue doverosa. È quanto attesta e promuove la recente Dichiarazione di Astana sull’assistenza sanitaria primaria, nel riconoscere le cure palliative tra le forme di cura primarie oggi possibili e (...) dovute ad ogni individuo, espressione di un diritto alla salute non riconducibile a mere forme di assistenzialismo tecnico-burocratico, lontane dall’uomo e dalla vita, ma segno e presenza concreta e tangibile dell’umanità inalienabile da cui esso proviene. Ciò che accomuna in questo percorso di riscoperta e ridestazione è l’essenza della nostra umanità, il desiderio di non cadere intrappolati in una in-umanizzazione collettivizzata, assurda quanto brutale, l’umanità di un diritto alla vita, alla salute e alla sua tutela che nasce rinnovato nel cuore di ogni generazione, la consapevolezza originaria di una determinazione ontologico-esistenziale comune e condivisibile. Il problema della reciprocità del riconoscimento personale fra gli esseri umani nelle pratiche dell’aver-cura e la necessità di un’instancabile promozione di forme di presa in carico realmente globali ed affidabili permea profondamente lo stesso processo di un autentico, efficace e quanto più conforme possibile sviluppo sociale, in una comunità di uomini e di popoli che stenta a riconoscersi come tale e dove occorre innanzitutto curare la speranza affinché ne venga abitata la cura di ogni persona. (shrink)

_Riassunto_: In questo articolo cercheremo di delineare le caratteristiche di una fenomenologia dell’attenzione incentrata sui concetti di interesse e selezione. Partiremo dall’analisi del concetto di attenzione in Husserl per poi concentrarci sulle riflessioni di William James, Alfred Schutz ed Erving Goffman che riconoscono un ruolo fondamentale dell’attenzione nei processi con cui gli attori sociali inquadrano e definiscono la realtà e, infine, analizzeremo la proposta teorica di Bernhard Waldenfels che propone un’etica dell’attenzione che è sia un’etica dell’apertura e del riconoscimento dell’altro (...) sia, soprattutto, una risposta e un antidoto alla xenologia e alla xenopolitica. _Parole chiave_: Edmund Husserl; Alfred Schutz; Bernhard Waldenfels; Fenomenologia; Attenzione _Delineating a phenomenology of attention: From Husserl to Waldenfels_ _Abstract_: In this paper we will attempt to outline a phenomenology of attention centered around the concepts of interest and selection. We will start with an analysis of Husserl’s notion of attention, then turn to the reflections of William James, Alfred Schutz and Erving Goffman, all of whom recognized the fundamental role attention plays in the processes by which social actors frame and define reality. Finally, we will consider Bernhard Waldenfels’ ethics of attention. He offers an ethics based on openness to and recognition of the other that, above all, offers both a response and an antidote to xenology and xenopolitics. _Keywords_: Edmund Husserl; Alfred Schutz; Bernhard Waldenfels; Phenomenology; Attention. (shrink)

We introduceself-divisibleultrafilters, which we prove to be precisely those$w$such that the weak congruence relation$\equiv _w$introduced by Šobot is an equivalence relation on$\beta {\mathbb Z}$. We provide several examples and additional characterisations; notably we show that$w$is self-divisible if and only if$\equiv _w$coincides with the strong congruence relation$\mathrel {\equiv ^{\mathrm {s}}_{w}}$, if and only if the quotient$(\beta {\mathbb Z},\oplus )/\mathord {\mathrel {\equiv ^{\mathrm {s}}_{w}}}$is a profinite group. We also construct an ultrafilter$w$such that$\equiv _w$fails to be symmetric, and describe the interaction between the (...) aforementioned quotient and the profinite completion$\hat {{\mathbb Z}}$of the integers. (shrink)

Controversies around large-scale development projects offer many cases and insights which may be analyzed through the lenses of corporate social (_ir_)responsibility (CS_I_R) and business ethics studies. In this paper, we confront the CSR narratives and strategies of _WeBuild_ (formerly known as _Salini Impregilo_), an Italian transnational construction company. Starting from the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas), we collect evidence from NGOs, environmental justice organizations, journalists, scholars, and community leaders on socio-environmental injustices and controversies surrounding 38 large hydropower schemes built (...) by the corporation throughout the last century. As a counter-reporting exercise, we code (un)sustainability discourses from a plurality of sources, looking at their discrepancy under the critical lenses of post-normal science and political ecology, with environmental justice as a normative framework. Our results show how the mismatch of narratives can be interpreted by considering the voluntary, self-reporting, non-binding nature of CSR accounting performed by a corporation wishing to grow in a global competitive market. Contributing to critical perspectives on political CS(I)R, we question the reliability of current CSR mechanisms and instruments, calling for the inclusion of complexity dimensions in and a re-politicization of CS(I)R accounting and ethics. We argue that the fields of post-normal science and political ecology can contribute to these goals. (shrink)